基于光敏电阻的基本原理的路灯节能系统的设计
摘要： 本设计基于光敏电阻的基本原理，设计了一个基于光控开关的路灯自动控制系统，实现路灯的智能控制。该系统主要由内光电转换级、运放滞后比较级、驱动级等组成，通过对光控电路的设计、仿真，为最终的实际应用提供参考依据。
关键词：光控路灯开关 光敏电阻 光电转换 驱动电路
1 引言
随着中国城市和经济的迅速发展，城市照明交通安全和灯饰美化工程也越来越受到普遍关注，同时为了符合节约型、可持续性发展社会的标准，产生了对路灯、灯饰工程监管改革的需求。路灯是城市照明工程的主要组成部分，在夜晚，路灯的照明起到非常重要的作用。目前一般的传统路灯一般采用钠灯、水银灯、金卤灯等灯具，这类灯具有发光效率高、光色好、安装简便等优点被广泛应用，但也存在功率因子低、对电量要求严格、耗电量大等缺点。我国大部分城市街道都采用“全夜灯”的方式进行照明，这些街道在夜晚人流量和车流量都比较小，即使没有人或车经过，这些路灯也是长期点亮着的，这时电能就被白白浪费掉了。很多路段真正有效的照明时间只占到整个照明时间的20%－30%。因此有些地方采用“半夜灯”前半夜全亮后半夜全灭的方式，此方法虽然节约了用电量，却带来许多社会治安和交通安全问题。
LED照明作为一种较新的技术，广泛用于各种照明中。它具有效率高、使用寿命长等优点。一个LED路灯，如果要达到和普通的高压钠灯和高压水银灯那样的亮度，大约需要消耗的40W以上功耗，只有传统路灯的25%－40%。因此该设计应用光控制LED灯的方法来管理路灯照明，这节约了很大的资源。
2 总体方案设计
2．1方案一：本系统采用ATMEGA16L单片机为主控芯片，采用对射式收发一体的光电传感器采集，由于物体运动所产生的信号，信号经单片机分析处理后控制路灯的亮灭,同时将时间显示出来。支路控制器的时钟采用精确的时钟芯片并由字符型液晶作为显示，利用按键设定、修改开关灯时间。系统采用光敏电阻分压的方式感应周围环境明暗的变化，支路控制系统采集分压值经单片机处理后来控制路灯的变化。当路灯出现故障后路灯电路中采样点的电压值会发生变化，单片机根据变化量进行相应的处理。将地址编号显示在 1602液晶屏上,并且实现声光报警。
2．2方案二：本系统是基于单片机控制的路灯模拟控制系统，以单片机AT89S52为主控制器，利用监测定位对路面交通情况、外界环境亮度及对交通灯的影响和故障等信息进行采集，实现对路灯的智能化节能控制。该系统以1W高亮度LED灯作为模拟路灯，制作了LED灯恒流驱动电源，电流调节范围在0-1A内。通过红外式反射光电传感器监测路面交通情况，控制LED路灯亮、灭。通过光敏三极管对环境变化及路灯故障等信号进行监测，实现了路灯亮、灭控制和路灯故障报警。LED灯能在规定时间内实现自动减小亮度，并能在规定范围内设定调节。该系统节能，性价比高，具有应用价值。
方案比较：与ATMEGA16L相比，AT89S52做起来比较简单方便，能更好的实现出路灯节能系统的功能。故本设计采用方案二。
毕业设计说明书目录
1 引言······························································1
2 总体方案设计······················································1
2.1方案一······················································1
2.2方案二······················································1
2.3目的························································2
2.4说明························································3
2.5控制芯片方案选择············································3
2.6监测系统方案选择············································3
3 各电路设计和论证··················································4
3.1电源电路设计················································4
3.1.1电源模块··················································4
3.1.2光控系统··················································4
3.2 单片机电路设计··············································6
3.2.1主控芯片··················································6
3.2.2 AT89S52的特点············································6
3.2.3管脚说明··················································6
3.2.4 芯片特点··················································8
3.2.5 复位电路··················································8
3.2.6 时钟电路··················································9
3.2.7 AT89S52串口通信········································· 9
3.2.8 AT89S52中断系统·········································10
3.3 红外线监测模块·············································11
3.4 路灯控制模块···············································12
4 器件介绍·························································13
5 软件程序设计·····················································16
4.1程序流程···················································16
4.1.1系统主程序流程图·········································16
4.1.2路灯控制子程序流程图·····································17
4.2程序·······················································17
4.2.1主程序···················································17
4.2.2路灯控制子程序···········································19
6 软硬件系统的调试·················································20
6.1软件调试···················································20
6.2硬件调试···················································20
7 附录·····························································21
8 参考文献·························································22
参考文献
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[3] 戴佳、戴卫恒 刘博文 《51单片机C语言应用程序设计 》电子工业出版社，
2008年12月
[4] 繆晓中 《电子CAD Protel 99 SE》 化学工业出版社，2009年1月
[5] 梅丽凤、郝万新 《单片机原理及应用》 清华大学出版社、北京交通大学出
版社，2008年1月
[6] 胡宴如﹑耿苏燕《模拟电子技术》 北京:高等教育出版社 2004年2月
[7] 蔡元宇《电路及磁路》 高等教育出版社 1999年8月
[8] 杨志忠、卫桦林《数字电子技术》北京:高等教育出版社 2008年6月
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