机械技术在橡胶工业中的应用概述
在人类社会发展的现代进程中．橡胶工业也是一门不可缺少的经济产业。而在橡胶工业发展过程中，橡胶工艺及橡胶机械（或机电）技术的进步和发展起了重要的推动作用。橡胶工业的发展，橡胶工业技术及橡胶机械技术构成了橡胶制品的全部技术过程和产业技术体系。1820年英国制成了由人力驱动的单辊式炼胶机。1826年双辊筒式的开放式炼胶机投入生产，拉开了人类橡胶机械生产的序幕。至今，人类社会橡胶机械的应用已有180多年的历史了。
1839 since. A series of rubber machinery and equipment will come out, in addition to the application of vulcanized rubber vulcanization facilities, and other rubber machinery, such as plunger hose extrusion machine (1858), screw extruder (1879), rubber calendering Machine (1843 ~ 1900), Closed rubber mixing machine (1916). Rubber machinery and equipment. At that time, has spent the rubber industry production process, the promotion of the development of rubber industry has played a facilitating role.
1839年以来．一系列的橡胶机械设备陆续问世，除适应橡胶硫化技术应用的硫化设备外，其他橡胶机械,如柱塞式胶管挤出机（1858年）,螺杆挤出机（1879年），橡胶压延机（1843～1900年），密闭式炼胶机（1916年）。等橡胶机械设备。先后投入当时的橡胶工业生产过程，对推动橡胶工业的发展起了一定的促进作用。
1904, lead oxide, magnesium oxide, such as the discovery of inorganic curing agent, in particular 1919 organic Thiofide D, the discovery and use of M, and further promote the improvement of production efficiency has greatly improved the performance of the use of rubber products, expanded use. 1920 accession to the carbon black rubber, makes rubber products would be an overall improvement in performance and improvement. Therefore, the application of carbon black rubber industry and promoting the progress and all-round development. In the early 20th century and the middle of the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, Germany, France and other countries, has invented a synthetic rubber industrial technologies. And the establishment of a series of synthetic rubber production equipment and factories. Coupled with the region's natural rubber production of large-scale resources for the mankind modern rubber industry opened up the comprehensive development of the material resource base.
1904年，氧化铅、氧化镁等无机硫化剂的发现，特别是1919年有机硫化促进剂D、M的发现和应用，进一步促进了生产效率的提高，大大改善了橡胶制品的使用性能，扩大了使用范围。1920年把炭黑加入橡胶中，才使得橡胶制品的性能得以全面改善和提高。因此，炭黑的应用又促进了橡胶工业进步和全面发展。20世纪初及中叶，苏联、美国、英国、德国、法国等国家，先后发明了合成橡胶工业技术。并建立了一系列橡胶合成生产装置及工厂。再加上东南亚地区的天然橡胶资源生产的规模化，为人类现代橡胶工业的全面发展开辟了物质资源基础。
Is a highly flexible rubber typical materials, its physical properties are very complicated. Most of the processing of rubber molding process are similar to the melt flow and deformation process, but also in the processing of rubber products, the Health and plastic to go through plastic necklace, mixing, pressure-type, shape, curing process procedures, in order to become products. In the modern chemical products, such as rubber, plastics, paints, fibers, lubricants, ceramics, and other similar material production and engineering applications, the complexity of its mechanical properties. Purely based on the elasticity, viscosity or plasticity theory theory can not meet these materials processing requirements of the deformation process. So based on the nature of the complex mechanics of the research topic - rheological theory will be referred to the new human research subjects on the agenda. 1928, the United States set up the "Evolution Society", 1940, the British set up the rheological Club (later renamed the Institute of Evolution). In addition, the Netherlands, West Germany, France, Japan and other countries have also set up a corresponding flow Institute. 1948 convening of the International Society of Rheology. In 1953 the establishment of the International Association of rheology. Since then one involving applied mathematics, physics, elasticity, the material mechanics, fluid mechanics, geology, engineering and other subjects on the verge of disciplines - have emerged rheology, and gradually has been extensively applied. Rheological not only in the rubber, plastics, coatings, printing, Portland, foodstuffs, and other industrial production has been extensively applied, but also to infrastructure, machinery, transport, irrigation, chemical industry and many other industrial sectors: involves many substances from solid to liquid processes. Rheology in the rubber industry. Widely used in the processing of rubber molding products research and application. Such as rubber mixing, rolling, extrusion, injection molding and other processes. Because of its macromolecular polymer chain structure and movement characteristics of the physical state gathered on showing a four kinds of physical state: a crystalline and non-crystalline 3 (glass state, high-elastic state, viscous flow state) . Rubber in normal circumstances is the use of high-elastic state. In the course of processing molding viscous flow state, in the vulcanized only basic treatment before losing mobility, and a high flexibility based elastomer material.
橡胶是一种高弹性的典型材料，其物理性能十分复杂。大多数橡胶的加工成型过程都有近似熔体的流动和变形过程，而且在橡胶产品的加工过程中，生胶要经过塑炼、混炼、压型、成型、硫化的工艺程序，才能成为产品。在现代化工产品中，诸如橡胶、塑料、油漆、纤维、润滑油、陶瓷等一类材料的生产及工程技术的应用，对其材料的复杂力学性质．依据单纯的弹性力学、粘性理论或塑性理论都不能满足这些材料加工过程的形变要求。于是一种基于对复杂介质力学性质的研究课题——流变学理论便提到了人类新学科研究的议事日程。1928年，美国成立了“流变学会”，1940年，英国成立了流变学俱乐部（后改为流变学会）。此外，荷兰、西德、法国、日本等国家也相应成立了流变学会。1948年召开了国际流变学会。1953年成立了国际流变协会。从此一门涉及到应用数学、物理学、弹性力学、材料力学、流体力学、地质学、工程学及其他学科的边缘学科——流变学应运而生，并逐渐得到广泛应用。流变学不仅在橡胶、塑料、涂料、印刷、硅酸盐、食品等工业生产中得到广泛应用，还涉及到基本建设、机械、运输、水利、化学工业等众多工业部门：涉及到许多物质从固体到液体的变化过程。流变学在橡胶工业中。广泛应用于橡胶制品加工成型的研究和应用。如对橡胶的混炼、压延、挤出、注射成型等加工过程。高聚物由于它的大分子链状结构和运动特点，在物理聚集态上呈现出4种物理状态：即1个结晶态和3个非结晶态（玻璃态、高弹态、粘流态）。橡胶在正常使用情况下是高弹态．而在加工成型过程中是粘流态，只有在硫化处理后才基本失去流动性，而变成以高弹性为主的弹性体材料。
Because of the late 19th century and early 20th century, the theory of rubber exploration and the principles of the invention. Especially rheology and application of the theoretical study of the development of rubber industry makes, whether in the filler, vulcanization accelerator, or in the process principle aspects have undergone profound changes. On the development of the rubber industry in a qualitative change. At the same time, all kinds of rubber machinery also made great progress and development. At that time, not only the names many rubber machinery, and its structure, specifications, varieties, and so had been reached a certain level of the scale, fine, and the degree of automation and linkage. If rubber mechanical transmission power to hundreds of thousands of kilowatts stem watts, weight machines to a few hundred tons. Rubber products in the process of production plastic necklace, mixing, rolling, extrusion, molding, in the process of curing six have a complete matching of mechanical devices.
由于19世纪末和20世纪初，对橡胶工艺理论的原理探索和发明。特别是流变学理论的研究和应用使得橡胶工业的发展，无论是在填充剂、硫化促进剂方面，还是在工艺原理方面都发生了深刻变化。对橡胶工业的发展产生了一次质的变化。同时，各种橡胶机械也有了很大的进步和发展。当时的橡胶机械不仅名目众多，而且其结构、规格、品种等都巳达到一定水平的规模化、精细化、自动化和联动化程度。如有的橡胶机械传动功率达到数百干瓦至数千千瓦，机器重量达到几百吨。在橡胶制品生产过程的塑炼、混炼、压延、压出、成型、硫化六个工艺过程中都有了配套齐全的机械装置。
Compound rubber machinery industry is one of the basic equipment. At present production machinery to open dozens of rubber mixing. Health glue used plastic necklace, plastic material mixing; pressed for the compression machine for plastic, heat-Lian compound mainly used for preheating and plastic; crusher for crushing such as natural rubber, remove plastic washing machine for Health and plastic waste compound impurities; mill mainly used for waste plastic block grinding; refining machine used to remove the hard plastic renewable impurities; reclaimed rubber mixing machine, mainly for the reclaimed rubber pinch Lian; breathing machine for plastic pressure breathing Film compression; crepe-pressure machine, mainly for crepe-compression; experimental rubber mixing machine, the main compound used in a small number of experiments, etc. .
炼胶机械是橡胶工业的基本设备之一。目前生产的开放式炼胶机械达数十种。主要用于生胶的塑炼，胶料的混炼；压片机用于压片、供胶；热炼机主要用于胶料预热和供胶；破碎机用于天然橡胶的破碎等，洗胶机用于除去生胶和废胶中的杂质；粉碎机主要用于废胶块的粉碎；精炼机主要用于除去再生胶中的硬杂质；再生胶混炼机，主要用于再生胶的捏炼；烟胶压片机用于烟胶片压片等；绉片压片机，主要用于绉片压片工作；实验用炼胶机，主要用于各种少量胶料的实验工作等。
calendered rubber, rubber products processing is in the process of one of the basic equipment. Since 1843 three-roll calendar application, we have 160 years of development history. From the modern to modern specifications and various new calendar will continue to emerge, its specifications, speed, Banzhipin high accuracy, a high degree of automation machinery, the machinery has become the modern calendar of the main structural features. At present production largest calendar has reached more than φ1055 × 3000 mm, roller line speed of up to 120 m / min above, the semi-finished calendar has reached its thickness error within ± 0.0025 mm. And achieve full electronic control of the computer and automation level.
橡胶压延机，也是橡胶制品加工过程中的基本设备之一。自1843年三辊压延机应用以来，已有160多年的发展历史了。从近代到现代各种不同规格和新型的压延机不断涌现，其规格大、速度快、半制品精度高、机器自动化程度高，已成为现代压延机械的主要结构特征。目前生产的压延机最大规模已达到φ1055×3000毫米以上，辊筒线速度高达120米／分以上，压延的半成品其厚度误差已达到±0.0025毫米以内。并达到采用电子计算机和全程控制的自动化水平。
Closed Compound (mixer), rubber and plastic mixing refining one of the main equipment. The development of modern mixer, a high-speed, high-pressure and high-performance characteristics, and is divided into low-speed (20 to the rotor speed / min), the velocity (speed of 30 to 40 ~ / min) and high-speed (60 to speed / min) 3. In recent years also appear to speed in the 80 / mixer at high speed over armed
密闭式炼胶机（简称密炼机），是橡胶的塑炼和混炼的主要设备之一。现代密炼机的发展，具有高速、高压和高效能的特点，并分为低速（转子转速为20转／分）、中速（转速为30～40转／分）和高速（转速为60转／分）3种。近年来还出现转速在80转／分以上的高速密炼机械。
Rubber extruder (screw extruder), the world's first since 1879-screw extruder Since the birth of all kinds of screw extruder machinery in a large number of different varieties have been supporting complete specification has been adapted to different product performance characteristics of the request. If pressure extrusion machine, mainly for the shape of the semi-finished production; filter plastic extrusion machine for removing plastic mix and the Health and the impurity; Lian plastic extrusion machine for the continuous plastic glue Health Lian: granulation extruders for plastic compound and the Health and the granulation; compression extruder. To compound the pressure plate; desulfurization renewable plastic extruder for the desulfurization: extrusion dehydration Gechengjiao extruder for dehydration and regeneration plastic dry: Cable extruder for the cable coated molding; row Gas extruder. For mixing compound from the air and water and volatile compounds, such as low-molecular-weight. These specifications complete extrusion machinery, the development of the rubber industry and was credited. It has become the driving force of the rubber products processing and optimization of the equipment. Injection Molding Machine, also known as the Note Press, mainly for the production of rubber molded products. Note pressure machinery, its structure, is divided into horizontal injection press, vertical injection press, Kok injection machine and the Multi-Position Press Note 4. Press each note is divided into many different sizes of the specifications.
橡胶挤出机（螺杆挤出机），自1879年世界第一台螺杆挤出机诞生以来，各种形式的螺杆挤出机械大量出现，不同规格品种已配套齐全，已适应不同产品性能特点的要求。如压型挤出机，主要用于各种断面形状的半成品生产；滤胶挤出机，用于除去混炼胶和生胶中的杂质；塑炼挤出机，用于生胶的连续塑炼：造粒挤出机，用于胶料和生胶的造粒；压片挤出机．用于胶料的压片；脱硫挤出机用于再生胶的脱硫：挤压脱水挤出机用于合成胶和再生胶的脱水干燥：电缆挤出机，用于电缆的包覆成型；排气挤出机．用于排出混入胶料中的空气和水分及低分子挥发物等。这些规格齐全的挤出机械，对橡胶工业的发展立下了汗马功劳。成为各种橡胶制品加工的动力和优选设备之一。注射成型机，又称为注压机，主要用于生产各种橡胶模压制品。注压机械，按其结构形式，又分为卧式注压机、立式注压机、角式注机及多工位注压机4种。每种注压机又分为许多大小不同的规格品种。
Tire rubber industry is the largest number one product. Whether raw materials from the use of rubber and rubber products, output of rubber products which occupies the lion's share of the market, consume about 80% of the volume of rubber resources. Therefore, the tire molding machinery is also important. Since the invention of pneumatic tire in 1888, with the development of the automobile industry, various specifications, the various properties of a large number of rubber tyres. A high-performance, high-quality car, if there is no corresponding performance and quality of the tire support is equivalent to scrap general. And the development of tire industry tire molding machinery participation is crucial. Tubeless tire or whether they would have to be certain to die molding machinery stereotypes. Forming particular tire, tire production is in the process of core processes, tire various "parts" of the assembly process, will soon cord, bead, wrapper, tread, and other components of processed into paste composition tire embryo . Therefore tire molding machinery determines to a large extent the performance and quality of tyres. As human socio-economic and cultural progress and development, a wide range of a large number of vehicles. Therefore various types and specifications of the tire also endless. Such as cars, buses, trucks, construction vehicles and other special vehicles and aircraft, which have their own dedicated tyre varieties and specifications. In recent years there has high strength and high wear resistance of the steel skeleton radial tire, making automobile tires, performance and the structure and quality to a new level. This constant tire molding machinery to put a higher demand.
轮胎是橡胶工业最为庞大的头号产品。无论从橡胶原料的使用量和橡胶产品的生产量来看它都占据橡胶制品市场的大部分份额，消耗约80％的橡胶资源量。因此，轮胎成型机械也十分重要。自1888年发明充气轮胎后，随着汽车工业的发展，各种规格、各种性能的橡胶轮胎大量涌现。一辆高性能、高质量的汽车，要是没有相应性能和质量的轮胎支撑，就等于废铁一般。而轮胎工业的发展轮胎的成型机械参与也是至关重要的。无论是内胎或外胎它们都需要有一定的成型机械模具来定型。特别是外胎的成型，是轮胎生产过程中的核心工序，是外胎各种“零部件”的组装过程，即将帘布、钢丝圈、包布、胎面等各种部件组合贴合加工成轮胎胎胚。故轮胎成型机械在很大程度上决定着轮胎的性能和质量。随着人类社会经济文化的进步和发展，各式各样的车辆大量涌现。因而各种类型和规格性能的轮胎也层出不穷．诸如小轿车、客车、货车、工程车和其他各种专用车辆及飞机等，都有自己的专用轮胎品种和规格。近年来又出现高强度和高耐磨性能的钢丝骨架子午胎，使得汽车轮胎的结构性能及质量又上了一个新台阶。这都不断给轮胎成型机械提出了更高的要求。
Tire molding machine many of the types, according to the method of forming: sleeve-law and two kinds of stickers; by shaping the contours of the drum: drum, semi-drum, and the core-wheeled four-wheel-core. In addition, all other uses of different shapes and rubber products, there is a basic molding process. Therefore a variety of rubber molding machines and even offers a dazzling. Only a wide variety of ring tens of thousands of species on the number. This shows that the rubber molding machinery industry is also very complicated and very important.
轮胎成型机的种类很多，按成型方法分有：套筒法和层贴法2种；按成型鼓的轮廓分有：鼓式、半鼓式、芯轮式和半芯轮式4种。此外，其他所有不同形状及用途的橡胶制品，基本都有一个成型的过程。因此各种各样的橡胶制品成型机具更是千姿百态和琳琅满目。仅各式各样的密封圈品种就达数万种之多。可见橡胶工业的成型机械也是十分繁杂和极为重要的。
Vulcanization machinery, a variety of rubber products of the final steps in the processing machinery, mainly for the various rubber products, plastic, rubber products, such as sulfide processing. The main structure of three kinds of forms: one is flat vulcanizer, and the autoclave (including pressure autoclave) and the drum machine sulfide. Flat-curing the use of broader, more variety. In addition to direct use of vulcanized rubber products processing, can also be used in the plastics industry thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic plastics processing repression. Because of their body structure and working principle is basically the same. Many of the types and forms. According to the purpose, has the vulcanized rubber model of flat products, with flat-curing machine, V-belt plate curing machine, sheet plate curing machine. Vulcanized rubber products tank is the first production application of curing equipment, mainly for the vulcanization of rubber products work. Can also be used to autoclave curing soles, adhesive tape and model products. Therefore, "omnipotent" said curing machine. Drum curing machine, "belt" and the "V-belt" two categories. Mainly used for curing surface shape and surface quality of the special requirements of thin strip of rubber products, such as tread rubber and plastic sheet printing and dyeing, such as the conduction band. If accompanied by the necessary accessories device can be used to transport sulfide zone, belts and other similar products vulcanized rubber processing. Drum Machine continuous vulcanization sulfide, easy assembly and the formation of automated production lines. Substantially reduce labor intensity and improve efficiency and product quality.
硫化机械，是各种橡胶制品的最后一道工序的加工机械，主要用于各种橡胶制品、胶带、胶板等制品的硫化加工。其主要结构有3种形式：一种是平板硫化机，另外是硫化罐（包括水压硫化罐）和鼓式硫化机。平板硫化机的使用范围较广，种类也多。除直接用于橡胶制品的硫化加工外，还可用于塑料工业中的热固性塑料或热塑性塑料的压制加工。因为他们的工作原理和机体结构都基本相同。其种类及形态繁多。按用途来分，大体有橡胶模型制品平板硫化机、平带平板硫化机、三角带平板硫化机、胶板平板硫化机等。硫化罐是橡胶制品生产中应用最早的硫化设备之一，主要用于橡胶制品硫化工作。硫化罐还可用来硫化鞋底、涂胶胶布及模型制品等。故有“万能”硫化机之称。鼓式硫化机，有“平带”和“三角带”两大类。主要用来硫化表面形状和表面质量有特殊要求的薄型橡胶板带制品，如花纹胶板、印刷胶板及印染导带等。若配上必要的配件装置，还可用于硫化运输带、传动带及其他类似橡胶制品的硫化加工。鼓式硫化机可连续硫化，容易实现自动化和形成流水作业生产线。大大减轻劳动强度，提高工效和产品质量。
For the development of rubber industry, mechanical and process technology research determines its speed and level of development determines the performance and quality of products. Generally speaking, industrial technology research and product cycle faster some frequency. Changes in technology and machinery cycle is slow, it decided to change the cycle of the life of the equipment, work efficiency and product quality. It is precisely because of machinery and equipment have a clear life, it makes a certain inertia of the operation. Thus to create a difficult change or do not need rapid changes in the direct experience. This is a reality for many people, the community and even some scientific research departments only attaches great importance to technology innovation and ignore changes in mechanical and technological advances and the development of one of the main reasons. The mindset of the people is to determine awareness of changes and developments. Any material production originated in the first production practice on the real social needs of the objective.
对于橡胶工业的发展，机械技术及工艺研究决定着其发展速度和水平，决定着产品的性能和质量。一般说来，产业和产品工艺研究的周期变化频率较快一些。而机械技术的变化周期则较慢，它的周期变化决定着机器设备的使用寿命、工作效率和产品质量。正因为机器设备有一个明确使用寿命，才使得它具有一定的运行惯性。从而给人们一个不易变化或也不需要较快变化的直接感受。这也是造成现实社会的许多人们甚至包括一些科研部门只十分重视工艺技术的革新变化而忽视机械技术的进步和发展的主要原因之一。人们的观念意识是决定行为的变化和发展。任何物质性产品的生产首先起源于对现实社会生产实践的客观需求。
For the rubber industry development, not only the normal process of production of rubber products. Mechanical technology and the increasing need in-depth study of technology and joint development of modern commodity market competitive situation also not tolerate such people Zaizuo wait-and-see or delay time, and in addition to the sustenance of mankind growing material and cultural wealth, the need for rapid development of the rubber industry, , large piles of scrap rubber, people also need to face the urgent and effective treatment. This is not only a rubber resources conservation needs, but also the living environment of human security requirements. To solve the normal development of rubber industry and scrap rubber recycling use of resources, only mechanical technology and the joint development of technology to achieve their goals. Contemporary rubber industry development so that the waste rubber recycling of resources must take machines improvement and progress in the joint development of the road is the only correct way. And the improvement of machinery technology is the essence of mechanical work of the progress of chemical process technology is the core content of their joint development of the modern rubber industry is able to quickly and efficiently optimize and promote the development of intrinsic motivation. Of course also includes scientific management technology decision-making body elements.
对于橡胶工业发展来说，不仅正常的橡胶制品生产过程．越来越需要机械技术与工艺技术的深入研究及协同发展，现代商品市场的竞争态势也容不得人们再坐等观望或延误时机，而且除人类物质文化生活资料的日益丰富，需要橡胶工业的快速发展外，大量堆积如山的废旧橡胶制品，也急待需要人们去面对和有效处理。这不仅是节约橡胶资源的需要，也是保人类生存环境的要求。要解决橡胶工业的正常发展及废弃橡胶资源的回收利用问题，只有机械技术与工艺技术的协同发展才能达到目的。当代橡胶工业的发展，使废旧橡胶资源的回收利用必须走机器改良和化学进步联合发展的道路才是唯一正确的途径。而机器的改良就是机械技术的本质工作之一，化学的进步则是工艺技术的核心内容，它们联合发展也正是现代橡胶工业得以快速高效和优化发展的内在促动力。当然还包括科学管理技术的决策组织因素在内。
Machinery, physics, chemistry (or chemical), the four basic skills of a development of the human society science technology system, and science and technology system known as compulsory, and social management technology is soft science and technology system. Taken Flex become a more complete scientific and technological system. Rubber industry in the development of rubber industry and technology and scientific management technology industries with the economic structure of the industry is related to the development of rubber industry "carrot and stick" scientific measures. Mechanical Technology is a hard attribute technology, technology is a soft attributes, it is a "carrot and stick" form of the technology.
机械、物理、化学（或化工）、生物4项基本技术构成了人类社会发展的自然科学技术体系，并称为硬性科学技术体系，而社会管理技术则是软性科学技术体系。两者软硬结合成为一种较为完整的科学技术体系。橡胶工业的发展也与橡胶产业技术与产业科学管理技术相结合的产业经济结构形态相关是体现橡胶工业发展“软硬兼施”的科学措施。机械技术是属于硬属性技术，工艺技术是属于软属性技术，这是一种“软硬兼施”的技术形态。
Are in the mechanical technology of the technical attributes of both tangible and intangible. All of investigation and study, the work of design techniques are soft attributes that in the manufacturing of construction involves the technical attributes of hardware technology, the results of pre-main soft technology embodied in the design and construction drawings and manuals; after a hard stage technical achievements on various material on the output of products. This is a hard and soft technologies into the outcome of the objective process. Rubber industrial development, we must attach importance mechanical technology and the joint development of technology. Strengthening the role of rubber machinery technology, mechanical technology to the development and application, the whole social development is not only the production of the material and cultural needs, but also the harmonious development of the ecological environment of human needs, but also to be cherished rubber, Using and frugal behavior needs .
在机械技术中又有软硬属性技术之分。凡是属于调查研究、设计技术方法的工作，都是软属性技术；凡是涉及施工制造方面的技术属于硬属性技术，前期软性技术的成果主要体现在设计施工图纸及其说明书上；后一阶段的硬性技术成果集中在各种物质产品的产出上。这也是一个软硬技术转化成果的客观过程。橡胶工业的发展，必须重视机械技术与工艺技术的协同发展。强化橡胶机械技术的作用，重视机械技术的开发应用，不仅是整个社会发展物质文化产品生产的需要，也是人类生态环境和谐发展的需要，更是对橡胶予以珍惜、巧用和俭用行为的需要。
